Eng Comparing and Contrasting Literary Forms Essay

Poetry, drama and short story are literary forms that provide readers with entertainment, insight, pleasure, escape and sometimes information. Readers can find satisfaction in any of the three genres because the styles, variations, language and themes cater to everyone’s preference: tragedy, comedy, profanity or just for pleasure. There is a piece of literary work to suit every taste. Poetry, when performed live, gives the words rhythm, music and life. John Updike in his poem Dog’s Death in lines one to sixteen, the rhythm and pattern are not as distinct as in lines seventeen to twenty; where the beats are strong and there is a certain level of intensity leading up to the finale†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Good Dog.† â€Å"Back home, we found that in the night her frame, Drawing near to dissolution, had endured the shame Of diarrhea and had dragged across the floor To a newspaper carelessly left there. Good dog.† (Clugston, 2010) Usually one performer presents a poem to t he audience whereas in drama there are many actors, stage settings and music that combine to create a complete stage production. Drama is written for theatre production. Actors impersonate the characters by reciting the words that are written in the play. For example, Maurya the main character in the play Riders to the Sea, says the closing words to her son before he left home: â€Å"You’d do right to leave that rope, Bartley, hanging by the boards†¦for it’s a deep grave we’ll make him by the grace of God.† The actors must also follow the author’s directions. She kneels down and the curtain falls slowly. (Clugston, 2010) Drama and play are written for specific purposes. The poem, when it is performed, is similar to an actor doing a soliloquy in a play. For example Macbeth’s speech: â€Å"I have lived long enough: my way of life Is fall’n into the sere, the yellow; And that which should accompany old age, As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends, I must not look to have; but, in their stead, Curses, not loud but deep, mouth-honor, breath Which the poor heart would fain deny, and dare not.† (Clugston, 2010) This speech is poetry within a play unlike the short story. The author of a short story on the other hand, depends on imagery, symbolism, similes and other literary devices to awaken the reader’s imagination, create the big picture and to pull him/her into that place. Unlike poetry and drama, the short story is not written for performance but for the reader’s pleasure and escape. The plot, setting, theme, point of view, characters, style, the actual story line and the ending of a short story all combine to give the reader a slice of the experience of the specified era. Alice Walker in the â€Å" Welcome Table,† paints a picture of racial segregation in the church in the state of Georgia. She wrote about a black old woman who entered a whites-only church. â€Å"The reverend of the church stopped her pleasantly as she stepped into the vestibule†¦..†Aunty, you know this is not your church?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Inside the church she sat on the very first bench from the back.† (Clugston, 2010) This picture is of the old woman/main character sitting at the back of the church and the reverend reminding her that she is in the wrong place. In other words she is out of place. Short stories appeal more to the reader’s imagination and senses and are not usually performed unless they are adapted for stage. Reference Clugston, W. R., (2010). Journey Into Literature, San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Inc.

Intro to Operating Systems

Intro to Operating Systems Student: Gabriel Guevara Chapter: 5 Exercises Exercise #2 Give at least two â€Å"real life† examples (not related to a computer system environment) of each of these concepts: deadlock, starvation and race. Describe how the deadlocks could be resolved. 2 real life examples of the concept of deadlock: A. In a presidential election 2 candidates reach an electoral deadlock when neither candidate get a majority of the 270 electoral votes required to win the presidency.This is resolved by the House of Representatives, with each state delegation having one vote. Senators would elect the vice-president. B. Diet deadlock occurs when calories are restricted when a human being is dieting , as a consequence the body’s metabolism slows down; The reason is the body is worried about going into starvation mode and is trying to holdown to leftover body fat. The solution to diet deadlock is to: 1. Eat more protein to boost metabolism. 2. Lift weights to increa se muscle mass, the more muscle mass the more calories burned in a 24 hour period (day). . Do more cardio to burn more calories. 2 Real life examples of Starvation: Hypoxia is the name given to oxygen starvation, for example of this condition is when brain tissue is deprived of oxygen-rich-blood, if this condition lingers a range of events could follow such as permanent brain damage or death. The solution is to restore the flow of oxygen-rich-blood to the brain via any surgical procedure that would unlock the deadlock or flow of vital oxygen enriched blood back into the brain.Aviation Fuel starvation occurs when there is a supply problem to the engine for various reasons such as a blocked fuel filter or gradual fuel pump failure. But the most popular problem with fuel starvation is with aircraft with water contaminated fuel being delivered to the engine instead of none-contaminated fuel resulting in fuel starvation within the engine. This is corrected by replacing the fuel filter or fuel pump and testing the fuel for the presence of water prior to use for a flight. 2 Examples of the term race: Exploitative competition is when 2 organisms vie for the same resources.One way for nature to solve this condition is to naturally develop habitat conditions to induce mutualistic bonds between the 2 organisms so that one cannot survive in their natural habitat without the other, therefore perhaps reversing deadlock conditions. Organism competition: Utilization of the same resources by organisms of the same or different species living together in a community resulting in a sort of deadlock competition for said resources. One way to relief this deadlock condition is for one organism to develop a method of eliminating the other by intelligently depriving it from the resource in question.Advance exercise 14 A system that is in an unsafe state is not necessarily deadlock. Explain why this is true? Give an example of such system (in an unsafe state) and describe how all the p rocesses could be completed without causing deadlock to occur. Answer 1: An unsafe state doesn’t suggest a realistic deadlock is presently occurring it appears this term is used to described that a sequence of events have now set favorable condition(s) to suggest a deadlock is highly likely to occur.Answer 2: An example of an unsafe state within a system could be where a system has jobs in its request queue greater than what is available in memory to handle the jobs waiting to be executed, setting ideal conditions for a deadlock. The concept of avoidance suggest that the system can remove one of the deadlock conditions if it knew ahead of time the sequence of a request associated with each of the active processes. There must exist at least one allocation of resources sequence that would allow jobs to continue without becoming deadlocked.

“Philosophers”, “architects”, “dreamy professors” Essay

These epithets are most often used to describe the INTP personality type. INTPs love theories and believe that everything can be analyzed and improved. They are not that concerned about the real world and practical things – from the INTPs’ perspective, it is often less exciting than ideas and intellectual pursuits. People with this personality type have no difficulties noticing patterns where others cannot – this makes them brilliant theorists and analysts. The accumulated knowledge is the most valued asset of any INTP. Imagine an immensely complicated clockwork which is constantly absorbing, processing and generating all kinds of theories – this is how the INTP mind works. People with the INTP personality type possess the most logically precise mind of all personality types – they can easily notice even the tiniest discrepancies between two statements, no matter how much time would have passed in between. It is a bad idea to lie to an INTP. They ma y appear dreamy sometimes, but this is not because their mind is resting – quite the opposite. INTPs are enthusiastic and impartial when it comes to dealing with problems – they drill through the details and then develop a unique approach and ultimately a viable solution. INTPs are usually very intelligent and insightful people, able to remain unbiased in any situation. They absolutely love new ideas and theories and would never miss an opportunity to discuss them with other people – however, this never-ending thinking process also makes them look somewhat pensive and detached, as INTPs are perfectly able to conduct full-fledged debates in their own heads. People with this personality type may also find it quite difficult to explain their thoughts to others, even when it becomes obvious that their theories are not easily graspable. INTPs may also move on to another topic before their co-workers or partners have figured out what the INTP wanted to say. INTPs cannot stand routine work – they would much rather tackle a difficult theoretical problem. INTP personalities really have no limits when it comes to theoretical riddles – if there is no easy solution and the topic is interesting enough, an INTP can spend ages trying to come up with a solution. INTP personalities are usually very shy and reluctant when it comes to meeting other people. However, INTPs can also be very friendly and confident when they interact with people they know well or talk about things that interest them. INTPs are flexible and relaxed in nearly all situations,  except when their beliefs or logical conclusions are being criticized. In those cases, the INTP is likely to become very defensive and argue tirelessly. Sharing many personality traits with other T types, INTPs do not really understand or value decisions based on feelings or subjective opinions. In their opinion, the only good solution is the logical solution – INTPs do not see a point in using emotional arguments. Such an approach preserves the â€Å"sanctity† of their intellectual method; however, this also makes it difficult for INTP personalities to understand other people’s feelings or satisfy their emotional needs. Individuals with the INTP personality type are likely to be very open-minded and even eccentric. These traits, combined with their capacity for in ventiveness and original thought, make up a very Whether the chicken crossed the road or the road crossed the chicken depends on your frame of reference. Albert Einstein  powerful mix – it is not surprising that INTPs are responsible for many scientific discoveries. An INTP is unlikely to care much about social expectations and the â€Å"usual† goals such as job security – however, they will do their best to find an environment where their creative genius and potential can be expressed. One of the few bottlenecks that INTPs impose upon themselves is their restless fear of possible failure. No other personality type worries that much about missing a piece of the mental puzzle or overlooking some crucial fact that might lead to a better solution. Unlike their more confident INTJ or ENTJ cousins, INTPs could spend ages reflecting on their actions. Even when an INTP is arguing with someone, this should be taken with a grain of salt – they might as well be arguing with their own mind. If you would like to learn more about the INTP personality type and its traits, download the INTP In-Depth Profile – a 6 0+ page guide covering a number of diverse topics.

Toxicology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Toxicology - Essay Example At the same time, new methods may be able to point out where chemicals interact to produce disease. But because of human safety numerous animals are used for experiments and testing. Most of them are killed or subject to unacceptable pain and distress. This state of affairs shook the scientists conscience. A movement was started within the scientist community to change the conditions. During World Wars nations were more involved in producing chemical weapons. These chemical agents were tested on animals in many warring countries. The shocking results of these tests initiated the thought process in scientists to do something for the welfare of animals. The first proposal in this regard using three R's term was presented in 1954 by Charles Hume, founder of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW). He proposed that UFAW start a scientific study of humane technique in laboratory animal experiments. Christine Stevens, founder of the Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) also contributed financially from U.S. Soon this movement gathered momentum and spread all over the world. Legislators in Europe and the United States proposed use of laboratory animals under certain regulations. Laws were introduced for restraining use of animals in laboratories. The three R's stand for replacement, reduction and refinement. ... Various organization were established for safe guarding and monitoring the matters related to animal usage in laboratories. The proposed use of three Rs is described here briefly. First R Reduction The reduction proposes some alternative methods for getting similar level of information by using less number of elements. Thus reducing the number of elements used in laboratories. It was observed and proved that poor experimental methods and inadequate information leads to increased usage of animals. It was proposed that measures should be taken to reduce repeated experiments. The data gathered previously should be used. The revolution in information technology has made it easy to access variety of information available at far off places so that experiments may not be repeated and thus number of animals used in laboratories may be reduced. Second R Refinement Refinement means to use such methods that lessen pain and distress and increase animal wellbeing. The pain and distress can be reduced or removed by using various drugs like anesthetics, analgesics etc. It can be materialized by a program of animal care to find and reduce animal sufferings. It was proposed to evolve ways and methods of assessing animal suffering during various experiments. Accomplishment of refinement depends on the ability of scientists and experts willingness to contribute and coordinate for refining the methods and quality of their experimentation. They should realize that any method that inflicts suffering on animals should be avoided. It is unfortunate that not much funding is provided to investigate and refine experimental techniques and

African mask cultures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

African mask cultures - Research Paper Example In Africa masks can be traced back to well past Paleolithic times. These art objects were, and are still made of various materials, included are leather, metal, fabric and various types of wood. African masks are considered amongst the finest creations in the art world and are highly sought after by art collectors. d) Ancestry has more influence in African culture than in any other culture. They honor their ancestors in all possible means because of their belief that ancestors can do many things in their life. Masks are recognized as the symbol of communication between an ancestor spirit and a human. Masks are also associated with celebrations, crop harvesting traditions, war preparations, peace and trouble times, rituals and customs of many of the African cultures. Because of the differences in belief, the meaning of mask wearing is different among different cultures in Africa. Ritual dances are common among many of the African cultures, and masks are important in all such ritual da nces. Each mask represents a particular spirit. It is believed by the African people that a person wearing a particular mask loses his identity temporarily and becomes the spirit represented by the mask itself. Even though mask wearing is mainly seen in African countries, the influence of African mask wearing custom has been spread to some other regions as well. Cubism, fauvism, and expressionism are some of the artistic movements which used the themes of African mask culture effectively. Moreover, in American and European art cultures also, the influence of African mask culture is visible. This paper briefly analyses the African mask cultures. (Pictures / photos / images of some MASKS and headdresses, 2010) â€Å"Ritual ceremonies generally depict deities, spirits of ancestors, mythological beings, good and or evil, the dead, animal spirits, and other beings believed to have power over humanity†(African Masks History and Meaning, n. d). Perhaps, Africa is the worst affected region in this world as far as beliefs in superstitions are concerned. Even after huge advancements in science and technologies, many of the Africans have still many superstitions. They do believe that the spirit of their ancestors or and even the spirit of the animals can influence their life very much. They are of the view that their life is shaped by these spirits and it is their duty to respect, recognize and worship these spirits to lead their lives in prosperity. Masks of ancestors are often considered as the most valuable thing in a family and they keep it as a monument. During the mask ceremony the dancer goes into deep trance, and during this state of mind he "communicate" with his ancestors. A wise man or translator sometimes accompanies the wearer of the mask during the ritual. The dancer brings forth messages of wisdom from his ancestors. Often the messages are grunted utterances and the translator will accurately decipher the meaning of the message. Rituals and ceremoni es are always accompanied with song, dance and music, played with traditional African musical instruments (African Masks History and Meaning, n. d). Ritual dances performed with the help of masks are often believed as the occasion to communicate with the ancestors. The dancer who wears the mask of a particular ancestor claims that he is able to communicate with the spirit represented by the mask. He may speak lot of things at the time of dance which may be perceived as the messages of that particular spirit to African community. The dancer mostly speaks in different languages which may not be understandable to

An Unequal Division of Labour in the Medical Profession Essay

An Unequal Division of Labour in the Medical Profession - Essay Example An important goal for medical education today is professional development including gender equality and awareness of gender issues. Medical school is the breeding background for not only medical knowledge but also for professional development and careers, including equal opportunities and gender equality. In order to understand how unequal the division of labour in the medical profession actually is and the process of how it has changed from the past to the present, the following points must be considered: Historically both the gendered role of nursing and the sex of nurses were almost exclusively female. More than half of the people involved in health care have always been women. Historically, women were considered healers, and it was they who gave almost all the medical help that was available until two centuries ago. It may well be said that most practical medicines were in the hands of women in the past times. Even though women were more often than not completely ignored when applying for admittance to medical schools, it was almost solely women, who gathered herbs and infused them into vegetable remedies, bathed the arthritic and manipulated their joints, and looked after pregnant women and delivered their babies. â€Å"However in classical Egypt for many centuries women had a significant role as physicians, notably in the medical schools at Heliopolis and Sais.† (Carr, n.d.). During the dark ages, the best-known woman was Hildegarde of Bingen (1098-1179), who apparently had visions explained to her in Latin by a voice from heaven, and concluded by writing two medical manuscripts on plant animal and mineral medicines, and on physiology and the nature of the disease. Women were also involved in folk, alternative, and commercial medicine at this time, although many notable women who specialized in these areas are hard to classify.

Development News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development News - Essay Example However, in the arena of development news there exists a deep North-South schism. Hence, the concept of development news needs to be understood and defined in a historical context. Since years, it has been evinced by the editorial authorities governing the Western media that they do not have any model editorial policies and per se they do not issue any policy directives to their correspondents (Aggarwala 180). However, any type of media is eventually aimed at a particular reader pool, and the Western media being primarily consumed by the Western readers, it would not be wrong to believe that the Western scribe cover and shape a news story, even if it originates from the underdeveloped or developing world, keeping the Western readers in mind (Aggarwala 180). Hence, any discussion or attempt aimed at understanding the concept of development news must subscribe to the ambit of the incumbent North-South divide. Ideally speaking, development news is the news that tends to cover developmen t issues affiliated to macro or macro origins, which reports, assesses and examines the impact of varied development activities and programs with regards to domestic and national development objectives and needs, the parities that exist as to how a development program is envisaged and its pragmatic outcomes, and the variance between its net impact on human welfare and what a government claims to be its achievements (Cottle 107). Yet, going by the fact that in its conceptualization and treatment, the development news does not much differ from the regular news, hence, it is open to accruing different interpretations at local and international level (Cottle 107). As already said that development news in its treatment and conceptualization does not differ much from the mainstream news, hence as is practically evident from the mainstream news, the development news can certainly evince a marked ideological and political tilt, depending on the geo-political origins of the scribes and publi shing institutions covering a development news story. Also, a natural premise flowing out from such credentials of the concept of development news is that it is always subject to a normatively influenced interpretation and criticism (Cottle 108). Generally speaking, in the past, and particularly in the contemporary age open to new media, there exist wide imbalances between the flows of information in varied parts of the world. So development news by its very nature will always stand to be a controversial concept in journalism, going by the shifting academic and political stances pertaining to the notions of ‘development’ (Cottle 108). Hence, the local and global biases that the journalists associated with the coverage of mainstream new, could also infiltrate and seep in into the coverage of development news. Once this fact is accepted that the mainstream scribes and the journalists that cover the development news are almost open to very similar biases, opinions, temptat ions and tilts, it will be apt to agree that there exist varied types of development news journalism. In journalistic context, development news pertains to investigative reporting with its focus on the international and national projects and programs initiated in the developing nations and their influence on the quality of life and socio-economic well being of the masses (Aggarwala 181). Hence, like mainstream journalism, development journalism is subject to very similar ethical and professional ideals and constraints. Development journalists like mainstream journalists need to be unbiased, factual and rational in the coverage of development news. However, this pertains to an ideal scenario. In a practical context, quite like mainstream journalism, many development journ

Design and Operation of Logistics Systems Assignment

Design and Operation of Logistics Systems - Assignment Example Savings in logistics cost accrue from reduced inventory levels, making it possible to close facilities, thus, promoting centralisation of distribution. It further reduces the need to keep stock at many warehouses, thus, bringing a shift in the role of such facilities from stock keeping to distribution (Higginson & Bookbinder 2005). Management of Gerrard Laboratories was also thinking on the same lines by planning to close Cologne facility not just because it could serve the Cologne warehouse customers from the Brussels plant at Belgium but because the competitor company was serving the European market with fewer warehouses than Gerrard Laboratories. Serving the Cologne customer base from the Brussels plant, the largest and the oldest one, from the management and manufacturing perspective seemed more pertinent as the Brussels manufacturing plant had been producing 25 items out of the total 35 products. The given situation indicates that it is more practical to serve the Cologne area f rom the Brussels plant. From sales operations perspective also, Gerrard’s 90% customers had been retailers; only 10% formed the industrial customers. Further, there was no seasonal change in the demand of the company products. Hence, it is expected that Gerrard should manage distribution to hospital customers satisfactorily from the Brussels plant. Another aim of distribution centres has been to attend to customer needs, which a great number of researchers have analysed. Increased communication and transportation have further minimised the requirement of warehouses and distribution centres (Higginson & Bookbinder 2005). Examining Gerrard on the communication and transportation parameters for client servicing, Gerrard has been handling its logistics functions on traditional practices. Other than its own 4 plants and 14 warehouses, it had been sharing warehousing space of 23 other grocery products and services companies, not wholly occupying the total offered space. So far the practice of one-shot billing system with variable cost of manufacturing coming to 80% of the total cost could be a reasonable ratio but annual or maximum period of 2 years for contract renewal with the warehousing service providers could be the deterrent; it carried the impending risk of increased inventory cost annually. That’s why Gerrard senior management had been focussing more on closing the Cologne facility (Case Study). Financially, it would be a good decision to close the Cologne warehouse as shipments from Netherland to Brussels would not be charged with any additional freight rate. The new weighted-average rates for taking the goods from Brussels plant to the Cologne customers through another trucking company are quite competitive as the trucking company has expressed its desire for reducing the rates for less-than truck loads (LTL). It has offered 100 square meters of its Cologne terminal space for transit storage without charging extra, which is a big plus-point. The local delivery rates for TL per case would come to â‚ ¬0.58 and for LTL only marginally higher. Rate for at least 40% shipped goods would be highly competitive. Gerrard would be in a position to save revenue on this count and also by getting goods delivered via the Netherland without incurring extra cost in comparison to goods delivered v

Case Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Analysis - Article Example I think public administration is an integrating science which means it consists of a number of several disciplines working as one, and as such, public administrators should be concerned mainly with theory and practice (Hamel & Breen, 2007). Therefore, I see public administration as a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific principles as evident in the case. Public administration is also concerned with human resource management which is an in-house structure that mainly functions to ensure that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner without favoritism. The basic functions of the HR system will include employee benefits and training of employees. Further, organizational theory in Public administration which is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars put into them. Administrative ethics in public administration serves as an approach to decision making. Additionally, policy analysis serves as a guide to decision making. More so, public budgeting is the activity within a government that allocates scarce resources among unlimited and varied demands. In this case, the main administrative principles such as openness and transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness reliability and predictability are missing because of biasness (Kumar & Sharma, 2000). I think, without public administration, the government cannot operate and manage own activities effectively and efficiently as required. The administration plays a vital and crucial role for delivering and distributing the public services to all corners of the country. Administration spreads all over the country for supplying the governmental and public goods and services up to the countryside from the urban centers and to rural areas. Public administration is very significant

Roles, Responsibilities, and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Essay Example for Free

Roles, Responsibilities, and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Essay Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning In this assignment I will be addressing the role of a teacher, their responsibilities to their learners and the relationships a teacher has with other professionals. I will also look at my own role and responsibilities in the lifelong learning sector and how I can meet the needs of my learners while working within the boundaries of the role of a teacher. This assignment will explain how to meet the needs of learners through referral to specialist professionals and how to promote appropriate behaviour in a safe and supportive learning environment which values equality and diversity. Government legislation dictates certain behaviour and actions to be taken by a teacher in given situations. The Special Educational Needs and Disabilities Act 2001 (SENDA) provides legal rights for disabled students whom are at a ‘substantial disadvantage’ that the responsible bodies require reasonable steps to be taken to prevent that disadvantage. These steps could include physical changes to the educational establishment, delivering course material relative to the needs of the learner and providing learning material in different formats. The Equality Act 2006 was passed to establish the Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR). The CEHR has a statutory remit to promote and monitor human rights; and to protect, enforce and promote equality across the nine protected grounds age, disability, gender, race, religion and belief, pregnancy and maternity, marriage and civil partnership, sexual orientation and gender reassignment (EHRC 2013). This makes sure that discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief within public functions, education and several other areas. They also place a duty on public authorities to promote equal opportunities between men and women. These legislations, along with many more, place responsibility on me as a teacher to be able to deliver the same criteria to learners regardless of gender, social background and ability. Working in a young offender’s institute I only deliver lessons to males aged 15 to 18. These young people however are at different levels of education, have varied social backgrounds and ethnicity. It is my responsibility to ensure these learners can all complete the necessary tasks to achieve a qualification. If I do not feel I have the resources personally to meet the special needs of an individual learner then I can refer them to any of the more specialized staff within the establishment such as SenCo for special educational needs or YOT for help getting the learner into further education when their sentence is fully served or during their sentence if possible. The learners can display negative attitudes towards other young people or staff of differing social backgrounds or ethnicities. It is my responsibility to challenge these negative attitudes in an attempt at changing the perception the learner has about these people by discussing the effects that their opinions have on individuals. If I feel I am not reaching the learner and their views are not changing I can refer them to the chaplaincy or their keyworker who can provide relevant courses that are aimed at these specific areas. It is important that I promote the relevance of equality to the learners so that they feel comfortable sharing a work space with others of differing race or gender. Through this the learners will then learn to value and respect diversity in people and what a person from differing backgrounds can offer, rather than use it as a barrier to their own learning. In my role as a teacher it is my responsibility to identify and meet the needs of my learners. I can identify some of their needs before I have any contact with them by asking for any information ESS or SenCo have about any learning needs I should be aware of such as dyslexia so I can adapt learning material for them. Once I am aware of the learner’s specific needs then I can talk to them about achievable targets to set which they agree to and set these targets out in their ILP (Individual Learning Plan). I find that learner’s are more receptive to targets that they have agreed to rather than targets they have forced upon them. This can help if a learner has problems with authority as they see they are working with the teacher towards their own goals. Everyone wants structure in their lives, and no more so than your most poorly behaved students (Cowley 2005). Keeping problems from inappropriate behaviour to a minimum is important for all in the class as it is disruptive for all learners. It is important that I set out what is appropriate behaviour once a learner has started on my course. We discuss what they think is expected of them and what I expect of them and sign an agreement which outlines these expectations. Now the learner is aware of how they should behave during their time with me I positively reinforce their good behaviour with praise during the lesson for good work, at the end of the lesson I point out a few things they did well and at the end of the week I have well done slips I give to learners who have produced good work and behaved well all week. These slips allow the learner points to spend on items from the shop on their wing and when issued are recorded as positive behaviour on C-Nomis to make other professionals aware that the learner has performed well. And if your students do choose to push the barriers you have given them, you must be prepared to sanction them accordingly (Cowley 2005). However if a learner is misbehaving during lesson time I will remind them of the agreed behaviour expected of them, if their behaviour fails to improve I will ask them if they have any issues outside of class that could be causing them to ‘act out’ and if I cannot help with these issues I will refer them to another professional who can help such as their personal officer. If their poor behaviour continues I can record this on C-Nomis to make other professionals aware that this behaviour needs addressing. In teaching in a prison keeping on top of learner behaviour helps maintain a safe learning environment as if I allow certain poor behaviour to go unchallenged it could lead to dangerous situations. Also each learner is made aware of various health and safety issues they may face during class time as when they start the course they need to complete a health and safety unit. This covers areas such as spotting hazards, using fire extinguishers and working on portable access equipment safely. Involving the learner in identifying risks and hazards within the class environment helps them realise these dangers. Within a safe learning environment each learner can focus on their individual tasks and I can focus on their individual needs. When each learners needs are being met and the learners feel they can ask for help from their teacher a supportive environment has been achieved. As a teacher in the lifelong learning sector I must be responsible for having the relevant skills and qualifications to fulfil their role. Having appropriate levels of skill in literacy and numeracy means I can produce materials for the learners to use and keep record of the progress the learners are making. Most worksheets and lesson plans are produced using a personal computer; this would not be possible if I was without the necessary ICT skills. Various interpersonal and life skills are required to be a good teacher such as; being adaptive, committed, confident, creative, decisive, diplomatic, enthusiastic, focused, honest, intelligent, patient, organised, positive, professional, reliable, responsible and supportive. These skills and many more enable me to create a positive learning environment where learners can achieve their potential and as I evaluate myself I can ever improve the learning experience. When teaching a subject it is important that I have the relevant skills, qualifications and experience within this subject to be able to deliver quality lessons. It is imperative that I identify the needs of each individual learner so the learners feel valued and can receive appropriate tutorials and assessment for their level of ability as they achieve. I must also meet the needs of the organization I work for by following the code of conduct the organization has produced. I will continue to attend CPD (Continual Personal Development) events to further develop and expand my skills to the benefit of my learners. In my role as a teacher I have a responsibility to other professionals to keep my lesson punctual so it does not over run into another teacher’s lesson and that I inform other teachers or colleagues of any behavioural problems with specific learners so appropriate measures can be applied to remedy this. While I like to keep my learning environment relaxed and friendly it is important to be aware of the boundaries in my role as a teacher. These boundaries mean I should not become over familiar with my learners which could be detrimental to the learning environment and deal with learner’s emotional problems in a professional manner referring them to other professionals who are there to accommodate these needs. These boundaries differ from other professionals as they are specific to a teaching role and are vital for keeping a teacher safe in their practice. In summary a teacher has many important roles and responsibilities to learners choosing to continue their personal development in lifelong learning and must always strive to improve the learning environment within current legislation.

Causes of Parkinsons Disease

Causes of Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons disease (PD) is caused by the progressive death of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurones, resulting in the reduction of caudate-putamen dopamine concentration in the basal ganglia. Insufficient DA produced from the substantia nigral dopaminergic neurones due to progressive degradation in PD patients results in motor neurone cell death. Afflicting just under 1% of the population over 60. Little was known about the pathophysiology of PD, with the classical pathological hallmarks of loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies (Dauer, 2003). Though the first clinical description of the disease was written in 1817 An essay on the Shaking Palsy by James Parkinson. Taking nearly 150 years to make real progress, the first milestone occurred in the 1960s when striatal dopamine (DA) levels were discovered to be sharply reduced in PD patients (Garcia-Ruiz, 2014) linking PD to DA content of the basal ganglia. DA production occurs with the substantia nigra pars compacta uses the nigrostriatal pathway to transport dopamine via the dopamine transporter (DAT) controlled via a sodium gradient to the striatum. These co-dependant systems require dopamine production for motor movement; when the death of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurones occurs dopamine content in the basal ganglia is reduced and thus impairs motor function. Garcia-Ruiz (2014) rationale from his discovery was the two systems are linked as the stratum doesnt produce dopamine indicating its source elsewhere, thus connecting substantia nigra pars compacta (a known pr oducer of dopamine) in PD and that substantia nigra pars compacta neurone death is responsible for the pathophysiological symptoms of PD. Iravani (2005) states that when some 60% of nigral-striatal neurones have been lost the first motor abnormalities appear; resulting in diagnosis as late as 3 years after initial neurone death. Neurodegeneration of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurones symptoms of can is managed. Levodopa (L-DOPA), the precursor to DA synthesis (making it a logical choice for using therapeutically) and DA agonist is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via the LAT-1 (large amino acid transporter) where it is converted to dopamine via DOPA decarboxylase.   This increases dopamine content in the brain and reduces symptoms such as motor skill deterioration. Levodopa also occurs in peripheral circulation resulting in peripheral dopamine concentration to increase causing a nauseous side effect, as a result levodopa of always given with carbidopa which inhibits the peripheral metabolism reducing this nausea (Dauer, 2003) also increases the bioavailability of L-DOPA in the CNS. Lee (2009) an expert in PD, described PD it as a commonly diagnosed bradykinesia disorder characterised by severe pars-compacta nigral-cell loss and aggregated a-synuclein accumulation within cortical regions. Thought to be part of dopamine release and transport regulation, a-synuclein induces microtubule-associated protein fibrillation and within overexpression a reduction in neuronal responsiveness. This ties into the prion hypothesis, in which the misfolded protein a-synuclein can trigger aggregation of interconnected groups of neurones, thus resulting in Inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and reduced responsiveness.   Though his theory is contradicted by Leonidas (2012) who claims that there is insufficient evidence that consists of the idea that there is an overexpression of a-synuclein protein in PD brains; when mRNA studies show a decrease of SNCA expression in PD nigra. Though Stefanis. L. does acknowledge there could be a rare familial and sporadic link of SNCA expression and PD, as ÃŽ ±-synuclein is found within Lewy bodies which are a characteristic of PD. Lewy bodies are aggregates of protein and are a classical sign of neurotoxicity, and closely associated with a-synuclein due to the radiating fibrillation of a-synuclein tying into Lees (2009) PD description. Lewy bodies also contain ubiquitin, a-B crystalline and neurofilament protein in an aggregated form. The a-synuclein interacts with DNA causing degradation (Power, 2017) and also Power observed ÃŽ ±-synuclein and ÃŽ ²III Tubulin from Lewy bodies and n increased mitochondrial loss with neurones developing Lewy bodies, suggesting a link between Lewy body development and substantia nigral dopaminergic neurone death. Powers theory indirectly contradicts Leonidass theory on a-synuclein expression, as a-synuclein is required for Lewy body formation and thus leads to substantia nigral dopaminergic neuronal death Lees research does, however, support the Powers theory. Dauer (2003) infers that it is possible that the misfolding of proteins which result in Lewy bodies could offer a level of neuroprotection by interfering with programmed cell death (PCD) and oxidative stress; thus slowing down neurodegeneration. Lewy bodies could interfere with Bax molecule formation (which there are elevated concentrations within PD patients) due to the changes in protein morphology, thus counteracting the overexpression of Bax (Dauer, 2003). Though age is a significant risk factor for the development of PD, one toxin, in particular, can cause the disease to develop due to it targeting substantia nigral dopaminergic neurones. Siegel explains that though MTPT (1-methyl- 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) itself isnt toxic, though the active metabolite form MPP+ is. Though at the time (1999) the mechanism for MPP+ toxicity wasnt understood it was later described by Alexander (2004). MPP+ toxicity via the inhibition of the mitochondrial complex I resulting in inhibition of the respiratory chain and enhanced oxidative stress within SNc neurones resulting in PCD. MPTP is used in experimental parkinsonism as dosing marmosets via subcutaneous administration of MPTP 1 mg ⠁„ kg for 3 consecutive days, which Iravani (2005) found to produce reproducible results. The use of MPTP on marmosets and the development of PD provides sufficient evidence that MPTP is connected to the development of PD, it also allows for research to be done on animals are they can be given the disorder within a 6 month period an allow for research into the causative factor behind PD and the regions of the CNS that are affected. The expansion of understanding PD pathogenicity has grown over the last 25 years according to Schapira, as toxin research, postmortem investigations and gene deficits with familial PD have become general knowledge in consensus about the underlying mechanisms of cell death and neuronal loss. inflammatory change, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and altered protein formation are considered the main lead into understanding PD (Schapira, 2011).   This ties into Dauers theory on Lewy bodies, Lees explantation on a-synuclein as they/were researching the leads mentioned by Schapira. The causative reasons for Parkinsons disease are thoroughly understood today compared to 1817, however, research is still underway to definitively understand the disorder. There is a clear understanding that (PD) is caused by the progressive death of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurones resulting in a reduced SNc dopamine content resulting in pathophysiological side effects. It is clear however that Lewy bodies are a classical characteristic of PD and are used in the diagnosis of the disorder, their true function is still under research. There is still some grey area of what causes the sudden initial death of theses neurones, though MPTP is linked to PD development via the study of marmosets. The research will continue to enhance a limited knowledge of the disorder and if there will ever be a possible way to regenerate those lost signalling pathways. Stem cell research on the cutting edge of neuronal regeneration as these unspecialised cells will eventually become neurones, replac ing the one already loss to cell death. Though ethically there are issues around using stem cells, it is a case of the good out weights the bad. References Abeliovich. A, S. Y.-L. (2000). Mice Lacking ÃŽ ±-Synuclein Display Functional Deficits in the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System. Neuron, 25(1), 239-252. Alexander, G. E. (2004). BIology of Parkinsons disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 3(6), 259-280. Baba, M. N. (1998). Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies of sporadic Parkinsons disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The American Journal of Pathology, 152(4), 879-884. Bai-Yun Zeng, M. M. (2010). Morphological changes in serotoninergic neurites in the striatum and globus pallidus in levodopa primed MPTP treated common marmosets with dyskinesia. Neurobiology Of Disease, 40, 599-607. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2010.08.004 Barbeau, A. (1969). L-DOPA Therapy in Parkinsons Disease: A Critical Review of Nine Years Experience. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 101(13), 59-68. Chesselet, M.-F. (2008). In vivo alpha-synuclein overexpression in rodents: a useful model of Parkinsons disease? Experimental Neurology, 209(1), 22-27. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.006 Haber, D. D. (2001, July 1). Striatal Responses to Partial Dopaminergic Lesion: Evidence for Compensatory Sprouting. Journal Of Neuroscience, 20(13), 5102-5114. Iria G. Dopeso-Reyes, A. J. (2014, December 14). Calbindin content and differential vulnerability of midbrain efferent dopaminergic neurons in macaques. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00146 Lees. A.J, H. J. (2009, June 13). Parkinsons disease. The Lancet, 373, 2066. Leonidas, S. (2012). ÃŽ ±-Synuclein in Parkinsons Disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(2). doi:http://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a009399 Mahmoud M. Iravani, E. S. (2005). A modified MPTP treatment regime produces reproducible partial nigrostriatal lesions in common marmosets. European Journal Of Neuroscience, 21, 841-854. Marina Picillo, G. S. (2017). Association between dopaminergic dysfunction and anxiety in de novo Parkinsons disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.010 Pedro J. Garcia-Ruiz, K. R.-M. (2014). Non-motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease A review†¦from the past. Journal Of Neurological Sciences, 338, 30-33. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2014.01.002 Power, J. B. (2017). Lewy Bodies and the Mechanisms of Neuronal Cell Death in Parkinsons Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Brain Pathology, 27(1), 3-12. doi:10.1111/bpa.12344 Przedborski, V. J.-L. (2007). Protocol for the MPTP mouse model of Parkinsons disease. Nature Protocols, 2, 141-151. doi:doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.342 Schapira, A. J. (2001). Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease. Movement Disorders, 26(6), 1049-1055. doi:10.1002/mds.23732 Siegel G.J, A. B. (Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects). MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Syndrome (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27974/ William Dauer, S. P. (2003). Parkinsons Disease: Mechanisms and Models. Neuron, 39(6), 889-909. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00568-3

Soy Protein Contents in Soybean Milk

Soy Protein Contents in Soybean Milk Soy is probably most well known for its protein content because soy has a high Protein Efficiency Ratio, which means that the amino acids that are contained in soy protein are made from a large percentage of essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are known as an amino acid that cannot be produced by our body but need be provided by the diet. Soybean milk is a milk substitute which is consists of soybean flour and water. Besides, it also used in some infant formulas and in making tofu. Soybean milk is a rich source of high-quality protein and vitamin B. Although soybean milk is not a rich source of calcium, the most of commercial soybean milk products are fortified with calcium. Soybean milk naturally contains isoflavones which are a plant chemicals that help lower LDL known as the bad cholesterol and it does not affect the good blood cholesterol, HDL. However, drinking too much soybean milk could possibly increase the risk of cancer because isoflavones are weak estrogens. There are many benefits to consuming the soybean milk in comparison to cow milk. First, soybean milk contains only vegetable protein which has the advantage that causes less loss of calcium through the kidneys and provides a lower risk for osteoporosis compare to the animal protein. In addition, soybean milk contains no lactose which is a better alternative to people who lose the ability to digest lactose, the carbohydrate found in cow milk this situation is known as lactose intolerance which causes stomach cramps, flatulence and diarrhoea. However, there are very fewer people are allergic to soybean milk only. Furthermore, the soy protein in soybean milk can reduce cholesterol. According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration of US), they concluded that soy protein included in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of CHD by lowering blood cholesterol levels. Besides, The FDA recommends that consumers should have a daily diet ÂÂÂ ­with a total tha t at least 25 grams of soy protein each day. Besides, in the soybean milk does not contain hormones whereas in the cow milk that contains natural hormones and also synthetic hormones such as rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone) which used to increase milk production. LITERATURE REVIEW: Nowadays and in future, soybean must be an important foodstuff as the protein source and health foods, because it has been recognized that the soybean protein has an adequate amino acid pattern and that this foodstuff can reduce serum cholesterol levels according to the recent reports. Soy protein refers to the protein that is found in soybeans that are often used to replace animal proteins in an individuals diet. The soybean is a legume that contains no cholesterol and is low in saturated fat. Soy proteins can be divided into different categories according to their production method: soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate and textured soy protein. Soy protein isolate is the soy protein with the highest content of protein. It is made from defatted soy meal by removing most of the fats and carbohydrates, yielding a product with approximately to 90 percent protein. Therefore, soy protein isolate has a very neutral flavour compared to other soy products. Due to the most of the carbohydrates are removed, the intake of soy protein isolate does not cause flatulence. Besides, soy protein isolate is also known as a complete vegetable protein. It contains all essential amino acids for growth and it is equal in quality to the protein in meat, milk and eggs. On the other hand, it has a very low-fat content. Soy protein isolate may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. There are also indications that soy protein can help in the prevention of osteoporosis, some cancers and menopausal symptoms. However, soy protein isolate may have fewer health benefits compare to the whole soybeans or soy protein concentrates. During the production of soy protein isolate the protein is washed with alcohol, and this cause removing most of the isoflavones. The isoflavones have many health benefits such as improving arterial vasodilatation, lowering cholesterol and inhibiting atherosclerosis. Soy protein concentrate is made by removing a portion of the carbohydrates (sugars) from dehulled and defatted soybeans. There are three different methods to produce soy protein concentrate: aqueous alcohol wash process, acid wash process and water wash process with heat denaturation. These methods will yield soy protein concentrate with similar composition: 70 percent protein, 20 percent carbohydrates, 6 percent ash and about 1 percent oil. The solubility of the protein can differ between the different extraction processes. One ton of defatted soybean flakes will give about 750 kg (75 percent yield) of soybean protein concentrate. Soy protein concentrate retains most of the fiber of the original soybean. Soy protein concentrate is widely used as a functional or nutritional ingredient in a wide variety of food products, mainly in baked foods, breakfast cereals and in some meat products. Soy protein concentrate is used in meat and poultry products to increase water and fat retention a nd to improve nutritional values (more protein, less fat). Textured soy protein is made from defatted soy flour that is compressed and processed into granules or chunks. During this process, the structure of the soy proteins changes in fibres. Most textured soy protein is produced from defatted soy flour, soy flakes or soy concentrates with an extrusion process. This extrusion technology can form a fibrous matrix which is almost similar than that of meat. AIM: Soybean milk is a rich source of proteins which are necessary for our body growth and survival. The objective of doing the topic of determination of soy protein content in the soybean milk is to determine the actual protein content in different types of soybean milk. This is because protein content in soybean milk may be lost or concentrated when undergoes in different processes. SHORT NOTE: In this topic, I will present an experiment to test and determine the soy protein in the soybean milk. There will get three types of soybean milk to test which are the homemade soybean milk, commercial soybean milk and sour soybean milk. First, I will extract the soy protein by using acid-wash process. In the first step, the water will remove from the soybean milk by oven heating and then washing the residue with water near the isoelectric point of pH 4-5 so the soluble sugars are removed from the matrix of proteins and polysaccharide. After acid-water washing, the remaining materials are adjusted to near neutrality and dried. In the next step, the Bradford assay is used to react with soy protein and using the spectrometer at the wavelength of 595nm to determine the absorbance. In the same time, a protein standard curve is required to determine and calculate the actual concentration of soy protein content in the soybean milk.

Censorship: Simply Not Enough Essay -- Censorship

Not too long ago, an evening television program caught mine and my daughter’s attention. It was a cute family comedy verging close to her bedtime. I was relaxed as we spent some quality time together, and out of nowhere I felt as if I had been punched in the face when a curse word came out of the so-called 15 year old actor’s mouth. Playing it cool, I glanced down at my young daughter who did not even flinch. I thought to myself, when were those words allowed to be uttered on television? Even worse, was my daughter’s reaction, or in this case non-reaction, because of desensitization or did she simply not hear it? Since then I have found myself immersed in the censorship dispute. Globally, media censors have loosened their grip significantly which have had a positive social impact, for the most part, but have they gone too far? I, for one, yearn for the â€Å"Mayberry† days where life was simple and no one had to worry about what children were watch ing on TV. In 1973, Thomas Elmendorf, an emergency room physician, made a speech to the American Medical Association about the increase in violence behavior among young adults and it’s correlation to violence on TV. In it he cited that â€Å"Murder is the fastest growing cause of death in the United States. The annual rate of increase exceeded 100 percent between 1960 and 1974.† He also goes on to explain that by the time a child graduates high school, they have spent an astonishing 18,000 hours in front of the TV, not to mention other forms of media, versus 15,000 hours in the classroom. Elmendorf also elaborates that within those 18,000 television hours, a young adult will have witnessed â€Å"18,000 murders and countless highly detailed incidents of robbery, arson, bombings, shootings... ...All Aspects Of Tibet 45.5 (2010): 4. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. Collins, Rebecca L.Elliott, Marc N.Berry, Sandra H.Kanouse, David E.Kunkel, DaleHunter, Sarah B.Miu, Angela. "Watching Sex On Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation Of Sexual Behavior." Pediatrics 114.3 (2004): e280. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Elmendorf, Thomas. "Violence On TV." Vital Speeches Of The Day 42.24 (1976): 764. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Jerome, Sara. "Supreme Court Case May Dirty Down the Airwaves." CongressDaily AM 16 Nov. 2011: 5. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. Katz, Paul. "Funny $#@*!." Entertainment Weekly 802 (2005): 23. Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. TODD PITMAN - Associated, Press. "Myanmar Relaxes Grip On Media, Vows End To Censors." AP Top News Package (2012): Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 14 Apr. 2012.

Hemophilia :: essays research papers

Hemophilia is a rare genetic blood clotting disorder that primarily affects males. People living with hemophilia do not have enough of, or are missing, one of the blood clotting proteins naturally found in blood. Two of the most common forms of hemophilia are A and B. In persons with hemophilia A (also called classic hemophilia), clotting factor VIII is not present in sufficient amounts or is absent. In persons with hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease), clotting factor IX is not present in sufficient amounts or is absent. People with hemophilia do not bleed more profusely or bleed faster than normal; they bleed for a longer period of time. Virtually all people who have hemophilia A or B are born with it. The majority of people with hemophilia have a family history (it is a hereditary disorder). In as many as 30% of cases, there is no family history of hemophilia. In these cases, the mother may not be aware that she carries the gene for hemophilia, or a gene mutation may have occurred spontaneously. A long history Hemophilia was identified as early as biblical times. Doctors in medieval times were familiar with it as well. In 1803, a Philadelphia doctor published the first description of hemophilia in the United States. But it was not until 30 years later that hemophilia became widely recognized. Hemophilia later developed a reputation as the "royal disease" because it passed from Queen Victoria of England to her descendants throughout the royal houses of Europe. Who Gets Hemophilia? Hemophilia occurs when the gene to produce clotting factor does not work correctly. Without the proper amount of clotting factor, bleeding occurs easily. Hemophilia is an inherited disorder in about two thirds of the cases. About one third of the cases of hemophilia occur due to spontaneous changes in the gene or mutations. The presence of a mutated gene may not be noted until a woman with no family history of hemophilia has a son with the disorder. The gene for hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome. The gene for hemophilia is also recessive. This is why hemophilia is referred to as an X-linked recessive disorder. If there is not a normal gene present to offset the defective, recessive gene, the disorder will be present. Whether or not a child will have hemophilia or be a carrier for the disorder depends on the status of the mother and of the father. The figure below shows how this type of disorder is inherited.

Choose an actor’s performance that was outstandig

â€Å"Choose a production you have seen during your course in which there was one actor's performance that you consider to be outstanding. Discuss in detail the performance of one actor, you will need to give details of at least on particular scene or section and include reference to voice, movement, characterisation and relationships between characters on stage.† The actor I have to chosen to write about is Sam McCarthie, who played the character ‘Ebenezer Scrooge' in the production ‘A Christmas Carol.' The character is a cold-hearted, tight fisted, selfish man who despises Christmas and all things which engender happiness. The play is about Ebenezer, and how he undergoes a profound experience of redemption over the course of Christmas Eve night. If the experience doesn't change Scrooge's ways, he will end up walking the Earth forever being nothing but an invisible and lonely ghost, like his deceased friend Jacob Marley. Mr. Scrooge is a financier who has devoted his life to the accumulation of wealth. Since the death of his sister, Fan, he holds anything other than money in contempt, including friendship, love and the Christmas Season. The first scene of the play showed Scrooge (McCarthie) leaning over a desk performing a task to do with his work, and before he spoke you could tell he was not going to turn out to be the nicest character in the play, because his body language reflected his character. As he was writing he was hunched over and frowning, and was impatient with his actions. When his colleague Bob Cratchit leaves at a late hour to go home on Christmas Eve, he snapped back his answers making himself sound superior and as though Bob was in the wrong, he sounded aggressive. Throughout the first part of the play, up until when his opinions changed and he stopped being so miserly, Sam acted this way. Each answer or command was short and snappy, and he'd square his shoulders making himself not also sound angry and short tempered, but he looked it too. He used the stage well also, he didn't stand in one spot the whole time as people can sometimes forget they're doing, but he moved around, and gesticulated widely, just emphasising how over the top his character was. When he walked, he wouldn't just walk, he would stamp his feet too. The use of the stage reflected his thoughts on himself. He showed himself as arrogant doing this because it gave the sense he thought he was important and big. His responses to people were harsh as well, he seemed disinterested and superior, as though no one he spoke to matched up to his standards and they were all below him. His character changed dramatically though towards the second half of the play. He began to see the what he was doing wrong and as he did, he softened. Sam played the second side of the character just as well as the first, it was almost as though it came naturally to him – convincing. When the ghosts of Christmas showed him the error of his ways and what he had missed out on, and what was to happen to him – the transformation was amazing. He acted differently entirely. He made his hands clasp together although somewhat nervous and humbled, and when he now spoke to others he did so in an enthusiastic tone. He also used vigorous arm movements and gestures, but this time it didn't make it him look angry, it just added to how much nicer he was, and out to please. He ran around the stage with great enthusiasm, and again used the space well. Overall, I thought Sam's performance was outstanding because he made the character so convincing. Some of the actions he used may have been cheesy, but his weren't, they were just really believable, almost as the character was himself.

Parliamentary Sovereignty

â€Å"It remains a first principle of our constitutional law that Parliament in enacting primary legislation is sovereign. Parliamentary sovereignty has been qualified though not departed from in different ways by our adoption of the law of the European Union through the European Communities Act 1972 and by the Human Rights Act 1998. † Per Lord Justice Laws, R (MISICK) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2010] EWCA Civ 1549 Evaluate this statement with reference to appropriate legal authorities.In order to evaluate this statement it is important to understand what Parliamentary sovereignty is and how it relates to European Union law with the enactment of the European Communities Act 1972 and the Human Rights Act 1998. The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament is the supreme Law maker of the UK, hence Parliament is free to make or unmake any law it wishes with the exception that it cannot limit its own power or bind itself when it co mes to future legislation.This dictates that all courts must uphold legislation laid down by Parliament. â€Å"  The principle, therefore, of parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely that â€Å"Parliament† has â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament† The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty was derived from the fundamental doctrines of the Magna Carta, Petition of Rights and the Bill of Rights.Unlike many other countries the UK has no written constitution meaning that it is flexible to be interpreted in the courts however the judge sees fit. The doctrine of Parliamentary supremacy is clearly in conflict with the full recognition of the community law in the UK. However, many things act so as to make parliamentary supremacy delusive, since international treaty obligations mean that certain legislation would never be passed. The Treaty of Rome does not state that EU law is to take precedence over domestic law.However, the ECJ in the case of Costa v ENEL stated that member States are bound to follow EU law. This is reflected in the European Communities Act 1972, s 2(1) which provides that rights, powers and obligations under the Treaties are, without further enactment, to be given legal effect in member States. Accordingly, directly applicable and directly effective EU law would take precedence over domestic law and if domestic law conflicted with EU law, domestic law would need to be changed. The European Communities Act 1972 s. (1)4 directly imposes provisions of the Treaties, together with EU Regulations and other directly applicable European law, whether they were passed before or after the UK joined the European Union. It also invalidates existing domestic law wherever the two conflict and thereby the former is directly valid. Membership of the European Un ion is derogation from parliamentary sovereignty since all of the European Union’s powers flow from Parliament's sovereignty through the original act, and therefore Parliament retains ultimate sovereignty.There is a limited retention of parliamentary sovereignty in many areas of European concern, since the UK has limited powers to determine penalties for breach of European Union law, and since the option is often left open in directives not to implement parts of the directive. It would appear that the doctrine of Parliament supremacy has been significantly qualified by the UK membership of the community. If absolute supremacy no longer exists, it could be restored by repealing European Community Act 1972.But the practical reality is that a new legal order has been created, in which the community law has supremacy over national law. The European Union was accused by Lord Denning of interfering with Parliament sovereignty in the absence of express authority by the EC Treaty. Ho wever the UK membership and the European Union have together caused a significant area of legislative power to pass to EU. This does not mean that it is permanent but if the UK decided to leave the European Union, then Parliament could exercise its ultimate sovereign authority by Act of Parliament and epeal the European Communities Act 1972, whereby the provisions of the EU Treaties would no longer have effect in domestic law. â€Å"If the supremacy within the European Community of Community law over the national law of member states was not always inherent in the EEC Treaty it was certainly well established in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice long before the United Kingdom joined the Community. Thus, whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972 was entirely voluntary. † European Union Law challenges the concept of Parliamentary Sovereignty.The European Union also has the doctrine of supremacy which mean s all member states must adhere to European Union laws as opposed to their own national laws. This may have restrained Parliamentary Sovereignty in the UK upon its entry to the European Union in 1972. In order to comply with the European Court of Justice the UK Parliament enacted the European Communities Act 1972 and the Human Rights Act 1998. Lord Denning stated that signing the treaty was only the first step as Community law could not be implemented merely by signing a Treaty of Accession.Parliament passed the European Community Act 1972, which came into force on 1st January 1973, whereby Community law become applicable in the UK. â€Å"It is an essential aspect of sovereignty that all states should have supreme control over their internal affairs, subject to the recognised limitation imposed by international law. † Parliamentary approval is not required for EU legislation that is binding in the UK, which again jeopardises the UK sovereignty. The major case that encapsulate s this is Factortame, by enacting the Merchant Shipping Act 1988, Parliament breached European law.In this case the compatibility was challenged. The Factortame decision marks a clear, if not important, that constitutional departure from the traditional view of parliamentary sovereignty. Since Factortame, UK law now recognises that Community institutions have the right to make decisions and issue regulations which may override legislation by Parliament. The Human Rights Act 1998 was introduced in order to comply with the European Convention of Human Rights so that national law was more compatible with European Union law and to protect Parliamentary sovereignty. It first came into force on 2 October 2000.The  Human Rights Act  empowers courts  to read legislation in such a way as to give effect to the European Convention on  Human Rights. Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that the government must abide by and must follow final decisions of the Europ ean Court of Human Rights. Actions of UK judges are limited by a constitutional compromise developed over centuries, while European judges have been given enormous power. Although Parliament could pass legislation today withdrawing Britain from the EU and Community law would cease to apply at the national level.The Human Rights Act 1998 seems only to go so far where Parliament is concerned as is shown with the relatively new anti-terrorism laws. S. 2(1) of the HRA makes it clear these laws are still to be interpreted by the courts in their own way. â€Å"A court or tribunal determining a question which has arisen in connection with a Convention right must take into account any judgment, declaration or advisory opinion of the European Court of Human Rights (b) decision of the Commission [etc. ] †¦. henever made or given, so far as, in the opinion of the court or tribunal, it is relevant to the proceedings in which that question has arisen. † Ever since the UK joined the E U in 1972, the EU has played an increasing role in Britain, and as a result has had an impact on the UK sovereignty. Therefore clearly any Community law would prevail over UK legislation passed before 1972, as this is uncontroversial and accords with the traditional doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. However, the doctrine depends largely on the obedience by the judiciary to the doctrine of implied repeal. So the issue arises as s. (4), which declares that any future enactment to be passed must be applied subject to the provisions of the ECA 1972. Therefore since Dicey defines sovereignty as continuing , it would seem that s. 2(4) is clearly an attempt by parliament, contrary to the very principle of the UK’s constitutional, to suspend the doctrine of implied repeal and consequently, bind its successors. As membership of the European Union is derogation from Parliamentary Sovereignty in practice, all of the European Unions’ powers flow from Parliament’s origi nal Act and therefore surely Parliament retains ultimate supreme.Lord Denning stated that if the UK chose to take back complete supremacy it could easily do so by leaving the European Union. â€Å"If the time should come when our Parliament deliberately passes an Act†¦with the intention of repudiating the Treaty or any provision in it†¦ or intentionally of acting inconsistently with it†¦ and says so in express terms†¦ then I should have thought that it would be the duty of our courts to follow the statute of our Parliament. † This could create problems for the UK in certain areas, both economically and politically.The UK now having been a member state for nearly 30 years has to take the economic growth and other positive aspects with the negative aspects of being a member state, one being a lesser sense of Parliamentary sovereignty. As stated by Margaret Thatcher: â€Å"It is a myth that our membership of the Community will suffocate national tradition an d culture. Are the Germans any less German for being in the Community, or the French any less French? Of course they are not! † References House of Commons European scrutiny committee. (2010). The EU Bill and Parliamentary sovereignty. Available: http://www. ublications. parliament. uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeuleg/633/633i. pdf European Communities Act 1972. Available: http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/1. Last accessed  1st March 2012 Human Rights Act 1998. Available: http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents. Last accessed  1st March 2012 Brazier, R. (). APPENDIX 1: THE PARLIAMENT ACTS. Available: http://www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldconst/141/14104. htm. Last accessed 1st March 2012 Wagner, A. (2011). Does parliamentary sovereignty still reign supreme?. Available: http://www. guardian. o. uk/law/2011/jan/27/supreme-court-parliamentary-sovereignty. Last accessed 1st March 2012. (2011). Imprisoned by a Doctrine: The Modern Defence of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Available: http://ojls. oxfordjournals. org/content/early/2011/10/19/ojls. gqr027. abstract. Last accessed 1st March 2012 R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603 Flaminio Costa v ENEL  [1964] ECR 585 (6/64) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Dicey, A. V. 1982 [1914]. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE LAW OF THE CONSTITUTION. 8th ed. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund [ 2 ].Flaminio Costa v ENEL  [1964] ECR 585 (6/64) [ 3 ]. http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/1 [ 4 ]. Lord Denning  in Bulmer Ltd v J. Bollinger (1974) [ 5 ]. R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p Factortame (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603 [ 6 ]. Martin, E. Oxford Dictionary of Law (2002), 5th Edition, Oxford University Press, Press, Pg 469 [ 7 ]. http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1988/12/contents [ 8 ]. http://www. legis lation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents [ 9 ]. Human Rights Act 1998, http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents [ 10 ]. Lord Denning

Do you agree with the view that the Beatles “changed the world in the sixties”? Essay

It’s clear from any angle that The Beatles had an incredible impact on the world in the sixties, but I think it’s evident stating they â€Å"changed the world† is going too far, and in actual fact they merely reflected a changing world. Source 18 mentions the view that â€Å"The Beatles changed the world in the sixties†, and it references to some of the contemporary debates from the decade, which the four-man band had an influence on: â€Å"legalization of drugs, the war in Vietnam† and â€Å"traditional and alternate religions†. Ian Inglis also declares them as one of the â€Å"twentieth century’s more significant achievements† which is true to an extent – some of their views and actions on the decades disputes were eye-openers to society. Although, source 18 also makes the comment that the band are â€Å"innovators†, which is supported by source 17’s view they’re not the â€Å"architects† of the â€Å"new youth culture†. This shows it the counter argument: they voiced a shifting world and society. To say the Beatles â€Å"changed the world in the sixties† holds some truth – they were the first band to speak out about the Vietnam War, the first band to openly experiment with alternate religions and criticize other traditional faiths and the only band to publically call for the legalization of marijuana. So source 18’s view that the four men were â€Å"prominent across a wide range of categories† including â€Å"historical, sociological, cultural and musical† and that â€Å"their opinions were sought out, heard and acted on† is obviously evident – especially when relating to the bands protests against the Vietnam War. Perhaps one of the bands most famous demonstrations, in 1965, sent shock waves through the country – the Beatles were the first band to be honored with the nations highest award, but Lennon rejected his to protest against Britain’s involvement in the war with Vietnam. He also coined the renowned phrases â€Å"make love not war† and â€Å"give peace a chance†. It’s obviously apparent that the band voiced and shaped some of the strongest protests against the cruel war – they helped to expose to society how bad the situation was in Vietnam, giving the conflict details higher awareness than before. Without their high profile protests, it’s hard to say how the population would have reacted to the horrifying circumstances of the war, but the Beatles gave them a route to take, they used the population to support their view against conflict and unnecessary deaths, therefore this argues that the band changed the world to manipulate their opinions. Supporting this is the negativity in source 16,Lennon says â€Å"the same idiots are running everything† – his insulting words, aimed at the government, are acceptable considering the war is still current in 1971 when the statement is made, he’s angry at the pointless fighting and deaths- much like the rest of the population. The Beatles involvement with alternate religions made headlines and influenced a higher awareness in the world; therefore this could also argue the view that they changed the world. â€Å"Indian Mysticism† and â€Å"Transcendental Meditation† were two of the faiths they experimented with, however it was their dismissal of the Christian/Catholic belief that was the bigger impact – source 18 supports the idea they made â€Å"significant achievements† in the â€Å"cultural category†. George Harrison was the first member of the band to experiment with a new religion – Hinduism which he took interest in after being handed a book on reincarnation during the filming of â€Å"Help!† in 1965, the other members shortly followed suit. Their choices to explore other faiths and cultures became high profile and famous decisions – 65 reporters followed the four men when they travelled to India in February 1968, where they advanced in meditation classes and followed the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi religion. All of this was new and exciting or shocking to western civilization – no one of high status had done outrageous things like this and therefore it encouraged the more rebellious youth culture to change. Not only did their views on alternate religions make headlines, so did their opinions on traditional faiths. August 1964, the Beatles press officer said the band were â€Å"so anti-Christ they shock me which isn’t an easy thing† – this opinion is furthered by Lennon’s 1970 song â€Å"God† in which he sings â€Å"I don’t believe in Jesus† and â€Å"I don’t believe in Bible†. Also notice the lyrics his 1970 song Imagine, â€Å"imagine there’s no heaven†¦ no hell below us†¦ no religion too†. The sixties was still a time where traditional faith was strong, people went to church every Sunday and the contraceptive pill  was only legalized in 1961 – so for the four men to openly express they’re non-believers, it was shocking. New youth culture would have seen it as an escape to live life with more freedom, as the older and younger generation gap was wider than ever – young people looked up to the band as idols. The famous four lead this contemporary debate more than other factors did – they helped to shape a new younger religious culture, supported by source 17, they made new religion and dismissal of the traditional â€Å"instantly chic for the millions of fans who looked to the group for guidance†. Furthermore, the Beatles drug use was constantly in the press during the sixties – a time where the world learnt more and more about different pills, inhalants and injections. Source 18 states that the Beatles opinions on the â€Å"legalization of drugs† were â€Å"sought out, heard and acted on† – particularly in 1967 when the four young men called for the ‘legalization of marijuana’ through an advertisement in The Times. This was a big thing – it was a fairly new drugs in UK and American culture, before the sixties tobacco and alcohol were the only widespread drugs. Although their plea didn’t work, the advertisement still created higher awareness of the hallucinogenic drug, which encouraged more people to try or use it. In 2004, Paul McCartney admitted they used drugs as an influence to most of their music – including â€Å"Got to Get You in my Life† which was about cannabis and confessed the infamous suspicion that â€Å"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds† was about LSD. By the late sixties the band had managed to change how the youth spent their time – the younger generations now started to hang out in private open areas, listening to their psychedelic rock, growing their hair long, dressing in colourful clothes and taking mind-altering drugs – the hippie era had begun. Although, it seems to me, it’s more evident that the Beatles didn’t â€Å"change the world in the sixties†, but in fact they merely reflected a changing world – this opinion is supported by both source 17 and 18. It’s stated by Allan Kozinn in source 17 that â€Å"although they seemed to be the leaders of the new youth culture, they were by no means its architects† which is also supported in source 18 by the inclusion of the words â€Å"innovators† and â€Å"spokesperson† – these words infer that the four men were imitating original  views and opinions. Source 16 also agrees with this opinion to an extent – Lennon often had a controversial provenance when talking to the media or the press, in this instance he would be saying â€Å"it’s still the same society and world, yet the middle class people follow our stupid ways† which refers to the â€Å"it’s exactly the same†, â€Å"the bourgeois system† and â€Å"we dressed up† comments. Also with Lennon’s statement we have to consider that in 1971 the band had split – this is the same year as the statement was made; therefore it’s going to be negative. Source 17 states that the Beatles had the â€Å"ability to detect trends early† and made them â€Å"instantly chic for millions of fans† – I think it’s evident this was the case for their involvement in the protests against the Vietnam War. The four young men didn’t create the anti-war views and opinions, they already existed among millions of people considering the UK was only just getting better after World War 2, the men simply gave the ideas a louder voice, they catalyzed the protests into the media so larger amounts of people would see and agree. In an interview with Lennon and McCartney, in 1968, they were asked, â€Å"the US has been plagued by the Vietnam War, and the world has been concerned, what’s your views?† in which Lennon replied, â€Å"it’s another piece of insanity.† In the question we can understand that the rest of the world had the same views as the Beatles did, the four men are repeating the views to create higher awareness and support – evidence of media manipulation. Two years earlier, during a press conference in New York, George Harrison made a similar reply to a similar question: â€Å"it’s just war is wrong and it’s obvious it’s wrong† – using the word obvious shows that he knows it’s a widespread opinion. Through all of this we can see that the band weren’t alone on their views and opinions – in fact I think that most of their ideas they will have heard before from their elders. They use their popularity and status to showcase the concerns the public have had for many years, the issue of the Vietnam War is horrifying and disturbing to many of the younger and older generations – most people would want a stop to it straight away, source 18 supports this argument through the words â€Å"innovators† and â€Å"spokespersons†. Arguing this even further is their 1968 song â€Å"Revolution† which includes the lyrics: â€Å"we all want to change the world, you tell me that’s evolution’, this inclusion of the words â€Å"we† and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"you† makes it sound like their voicing the we as the population (including themselves) and the you is the government/constitutions. Musical influences and voices are used again by Lennon in 1971 in his song â€Å"Imagine†: â€Å"imagine there’s no countries†¦ nothing to kill or die for†¦ imagine all the people living in peace†. I don’t think it can be said the Beatles changed the world’s opinion on the Vietnam war – here it’s evident that they all have the same view and they simply gave it media coverage and a larger voice due to their popularity. Again, the argument is strengthened by the fact the Beatles religious views didn’t become widespread, nor did they introduce them to the UK in the first place – their alternate religions and the high profile reports about these different faiths were not the initial introduction of them into British society. Since amendments were made to the ‘British Nationality law’ in the 1940s, people from the commonwealth islands (including India) had been immigrating to the UK for nearly 20 years – this meant that people of the Hindu and other religions had already introduced these faiths into British society and the world was already changing to be more cultural before the Beatles choice to follow them. The band only created higher popularity for these faiths amongst the population. Also their views on Christianity and Catholicism weren’t widely accepted; 1966 John Lennon made the statement the Beatles were â€Å"more popular than Jesus† which created uproar in America, especially in the south that are strong Catholics. Younger generations burned all their merchandise and refused to accept the band as role models again. There was no change here taken place, only rejection of the new – which opposes sources 17 and 18. However source 16 does support this: â€Å"the whole bourgeois system is exactly the same†, Lennon recognizes that they didn’t change the world due to religious or other issues. Despite this, the view that they reflected a changing world is once more reinforced by their drug use mentioned in source 18, which before seemed to be solely created by them – but according to Paul McCartney, they were introduced to drugs, before they became famous, whilst they were in Hamburg. He stated, in 2004, that they â€Å"felt everyone was doing them† and they were â€Å"told to inhale this, but it did nothing for me† when talking about  Benzedrine. This tells us that it wasn’t the Beatles who initiated drug use, but in fact others introduced them to it. Also, relating back to the ‘legalization of marijuana’ advertisement, we have to consider that it also had signatures from sixty-four other celebrities, including the Rolling Stones who were infamous for their drug and alcohol use, which suggests it was a widespread movement not a singular band who lead the way into the psychedelic era. The wheels of the hippie period had started turning, originating in America in the early sixties, a long time before the Beatles arrived on the drug scene. Seemingly America influenced the Beatles into taking the harder drugs, such as LSD, not visa versa, just the bands music, media coverage and opinions expressed the issue with hallucinogenic drugs more than they’d been dealt with before. All in all, I think although it could be argued that the Beatles changed the world in the sixties – they created leading protests against the Vietnam War, they introduced new religions to the younger generations, they were brave enough to announce their dis-belief in the tradition faiths and created the start of the psychedelic era – all of which received great support from the new youth culture. Source 18 supports this thoroughly: â€Å"the Beatles changed the world in the sixties†¦ twentieth century significant achievement†, source 17 also upkeeps the argument: â€Å"instantly chic for millions of fans who looked to the group for guidance†. But, it’s evident that the four men’s involvement with the Vietnam War protests were only echoing the public’s opinions, that drug use was popular before the band became famous and their religious views didn’t have an affect on the world – the Beatles only followed the crowd and their status expressed the issues. Which is again supported through both source 17 and 18: â€Å"although they seemed to be the leaders of the new youth culture, they were by no means its architects†, â€Å"innovators† and â€Å"spokespersons†. In conclusion I think you can see the shifting world influenced the Beatles views and opinions and it was their famous status that seemed to express new ideas to the youth and society – they gathered their anti-war, alternate religions and drug use by things they experienced happening in the moving world of the sixties. Source 16 also disagrees with the statement that the Beatles â€Å"changed the world in the sixties†, Lennon says, â€Å"nothing happened†, that the world was  Ã¢â‚¬Å"exactly the same† and the band â€Å"dressed up†. Despite it seems he’s recognizing no change, he does notice the four men had a slight influence – â€Å"middle-class with long hair†, their trademark look was popular which they had adopted from the late 50s ‘mod’ fashion and the changing ‘hippie’ fashions. In conclusion, I don’t think the Beatles changed the world in the sixties, I think it’s evident that the band merely reflected the changing world, giving it a louder voice due to their famous status.

Chemistry Acid-Base Titration

Chemistry: Strong Acid and Weak Base Titration Lab Cherno Okafor Mr. Huang SCH4U7 November 21st, 2012 Data Collection and Processing Concentration of the standard HCl solution: 0. 1 M Data Collection: | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Final HCl Buret Reading  ± 0. 05 mL | 38. 3| 45| 54. 5| Initial HCl Buret Reading  ± 0. 05 mL | 29. 9| 38. 3| 45| Volume of NaHCO3 used  ± 0. 1 mL | 9. 2| 9. 5| 9. 8| Qualitative Data: I used the methyl orange indicator which was suitable for my titration because of its clear and distinct colour change from orange to a bright red at the endpoint * At the beginning of the titration after I added 3 drops of methyl orange into the base (NaHCO3) and swirled, I began titrating the acid (HCl) slowly, and initially in the methyl orange and base, there was a tiny amount of red colour present, but then it quickly disappeared due to insufficient HCl (H+ ions)then I gradually kept titrating more acid while swirling and there was even more red colour present, unti l finally I reached the endpoint when the orange-yellow colour had completely transformed into a red colour * Changes from an orange-yellow colour (slightly higher pH 4. 4) to a bright red colour (at low pH 3. 1) at the endpoint and point of equivalence * Baking Soda (NaHCO3) absorbed the odour caused by the strong acid of HCl when I mixed the two: bleach-like smell ProcessingIf the concentration of an acid or base is expressed in molarity, then the volume of the solution multiplied by its concentration is equal to the moles of the acid or base. Therefore, the following relationship holds: nVb x Cb = Va x Ca Where: Vb = the volume of the base Cb = the concentration of the base Va = the volume of the acid Ca = the concentration of the acid n = the mole factor In the case of hydrochloric acid and Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda), the mole ratio is one to one, thus the mole factor is 1. Therefore, the volume of sodium bicarbonate multiplied by its concentration in molarity is equal to the moles sodium bicarbonate. The moles of sodium hydroxide are equal to the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in the reaction.The neutralization equation becomes: HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2O + CO3 Hence, Cb = Va x Ca / Vb. Trial 1 Calculation: * First we need to find the change of volume of the acid used up in the titration: Va = Vfinal – Vintial Va = 38. 3  ± 0. 05 – 29. 9  ± 0. 05 Va = 8. 4  ± 0. 1 mL Therefore, nVb x Cb = Va x Ca (1)(9. 2  ± 0. 1)(Cb) = (8. 4  ± 0. 1) (0. 1  ± 0. 0005) Cb = (8. 4  ± 0. 1) (0. 1  ± 0. 0005) / (9. 2  ± 0. 1) Cb = (8. 4  ± 1. 19%) (0. 1  ± 0. 5%) / (9. 2  ± 1. 09%) Cb = (0. 84  ± 1. 69%) / (9. 2  ± 1. 09%) Cb = 0. 0913  ± 2. 78% 0. 0913  ± 0. 00254M is the concentration of the base for trial 1Theoretical Base Concentration = 0. 1  ± 0. 0005 M Experimental Base Concentration = 0. 0913  ± 0. 00254 M Trial 2 Calculation: * First find change of volume of the acid used up in the titration: Va = Vfinal â⠂¬â€œ Vinitial Va = 45  ± 0. 05 – 36  ± 0. 05 Va = 9. 0  ± 0. 1 mL Therefore, nVb x Cb = Va x Ca (1)(9. 5  ± 0. 1)(Cb) = (9. 0  ± 0. 1) (0. 1  ± 0. 0005) Cb = (9. 0  ± 0. 1) (0. 1  ± 0. 0005) / (9. 5  ± 0. 1) Cb = (9. 0  ± 1. 1%) (0. 1  ± 0. 5%) / (9. 5  ± 1. 05%) Cb = (0. 9  ± 1. 6%) / (9. 5  ± 1. 05%) Cb = 0. 0947  ± 2. 65% 0. 0947  ± 0. 00251M is the concentration of the base for trial 2 Theoretical Base Concentration = 0. 1  ± 0. 005 M Experimental Base Concentration = 0. 0947  ± 0. 00251 M Trial 3 Calculation: * First find change of volume of the acid used up in the titration: Va = Vfinal – Vinitial Va = 54. 5  ± 0. 05 – 45  ± 0. 05 Va = 9. 5  ± 0. 1 mL Therefore, nVb x Cb = Va x Ca (1)(9. 8  ± 0. 1)(Cb) = (9. 5  ± 0. 1) (0. 1  ± 0. 0005) Cb = (9. 5  ± 0. 1) (0. 1  ± 0. 0005) / (9. 8  ± 0. 1) Cb = (9. 5  ± 1. 05%) (0. 1  ± 0. 5%) / (9. 8  ± 1. 02%) Cb = (0. 95  ± 1. 55%) / (9. 8  ± 1. 02%) Cb = 0. 0969  ± 2. 57% 0. 0969  ± 0. 00250M is the concentration of the base for trial 3 Theoretical Base Concentration = 0. 1  ± 0. 0005 MExperimental Base Concentration = 0. 0969  ± 0. 00250 M * Now, I will average all 3 trials: Trial 1: 0. 0913  ± 2. 78% 2. 78% / 100% x 0. 0913 = 0. 0913  ± 0. 00254 M Trial 2: 0. 0947  ± 2. 65% 2. 65% / 100% x 0. 0947 = 0. 0947  ± 0. 00251 M Trial 3: 0. 0969  ± 2. 57% 2. 57% / 100% x 0. 0969 = 0. 0969  ± 0. 00250 M Therefore: (0. 0913 + 0. 0947 + 0. 0969)  ± (0. 00254 + 0. 00251 + 0. 00250) / 3 trials = (0. 2829  ± 0. 00755) / 3 = (0. 0943  ± 0. 00252) MAverage Concentration of base for the 3 trials * Percentage Error = Theoretical – Actual / Theoretical x 100% = (0. 1  ± 0. 0005) – (0. 0943  ± 0. 00252) / (0. 1  ± 0. 0005) x 100% = 0. 0057  ± 0. 00302 / 0. 1  ± 0. 0005) x 100% = (0. 57  ± 0. 00352) x 100% = 5. 7%  ± 0. 00352 Conclusion and Evaluation: Conclusion: In this titration lab, I used a s trong acid HCl (hydrochloric acid) vs. a weak base NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate/baking soda). My intent was to find the concentration of the weak base after it has been titrated with the strong acid. The theoretical basic solution had a concentration of 0. 1  ± 0. 0005 M. In my experiment, the value I obtained was 0. 0943  ± 0. 00252 M, which is pretty close to 0. 1. I also had a very small error percentage at just 5. 7%  ± 0. 00352 error. My experimental value was only off by 0. 0057 (0. 1- 0. 0943) with a total uncertainty of 0. 00402 (0. 005 + 0. 00352) from the theoretical value of the base concentration. Evaluation/Improvement: Some of the most notable errors in my procedure to mention are the small quantities being used and hence the inaccuracy in measurements. Perhaps I could have arranged the titration to have bigger titres, which would reduce errors by using larger quantities such as a higher concentration for the standardized solution. In addition, there was also some splattering/loss of the acidic solution being titrated into the basic solution, as it came into contact with the edges and surface of the flask, which in turn, presumably initiated errors in volume measurements.Also, this means that not all of the acid that was added reacted efficiently with the basic solution mixed with methyl orange indicator. Moreover, there could have been impurities in the basic solution itself and as well as the indicator causing a higher reading than the theoretical value of concentration. The leakage that resulted from the stock cock may have caused the HCl to alter slightly in content because of the reaction with some of the chemicals in the external environment (air). There was also some residue that could have been left behind in the basic flask when I washed it with distilled water after the neutralization of each trial. Perhaps drying it could have made a difference instead of leaving it wet.Maybe some of the neutralized solution was left behind after I washed out the flask, and it mixed with the tiny water droplets also left behind in the flask. Before I started the next trial, it could have interfered with that titration and provide inaccuracy. Another error to mention is getting the exact endpoint during the titration. The indicator could have ranged from different shades of red (starting with orange) but I assumed that the moment it turned a standard red colour, it was finished. In addition, I could mention that I may not have properly swirled the solutions before beginning the titration process to make sure nothing (residue) settles at the bottom.This could have impacted the inaccurate colour change of the indicator in the neutralization and hence unknown standard colour. I also kept on adding drops when the solution was already a red colour towards the end. However, this may have either darkened or lightened the colour too much in an effort to change the precision of the indicator colour at the equivalence point or end point . Finally, at some moments, I was in a hurry to finish titrating, and so I may have flushed out the acid in large amounts. I realize that near the neutralization point, the acid must be released in drops. However, for the third trial, I did sort of flush out a large amount of the acid and therefore could have missed the neutralization point which could cause errors in results.